Photo: Ependymomas are brain tumors that arise from cells near to the ventricular system of the brain through which the cerebrospinal fluid circulates. Ependymomas represent approximately six percent of brain tumors in children. Most patients are diagnosed before the age of five years. Microscopic hallmarks of the ependymoma are the rosetted arrangement of cells around a tiny clear canal and pink collars of tissue around blood vessels. Credit: Dr. David Ellison, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital -Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project identifies the most common genetic alteration yet in the brain tumor ependymoma; results offer clues for fighting other cancers
The St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital-Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project has identified the most common genetic alteration ever reported in the brain tumor ependymoma and evidence that the alteration drives tumor development. The research appears February 19 as an advanced online publication in the scientific journal Nature.
The results provide a foundation for new research to improve diagnosis and treatment of ependymoma, the third most common brain tumor in children. St. Jude has begun work to translate the discovery into new treatments for a disease that remains incurable in 40 percent of young patients. The findings should also aid efforts to understand and intervene against other cancers, including adult tumors.
The newly discovered alteration involves a gene named RELA. The gene plays a pivotal role in the NF-κB pathway, a signaling system in cells that regulates inflammation. Researchers have long recognized that this pathway is inappropriately switched on in many adult tumors. This study marks the first time scientists have found a repeated mistake—a gene alteration–in the central part of the pathway in brain cancer.
In this study, 70 percent of young patients with ependymomas in the front part of the brain carried the RELA alteration and few other genetic changes. The alteration was not found in ependymomas in other regions of the brain.
“In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that a frequent mutation in the heart of the NF-κB pathway is sufficient to transform normal brain cells into cancer cells and drive tumor development,” said co-corresponding author Richard Gilbertson, M.D., Ph.D., director of the St. Jude Comprehensive Cancer Center. “This should help us to understand how abnormal NF-κB activity drives cancer and to develop new treatments to block that activity.”
The alteration fuses RELA with parts of another gene, C11orf95, in a process called translocation. The translocation produces abnormal proteins that rapidly cause fatal brain tumors in mice. These tumors resembled the human disease.
“This is an exciting finding, not only for understanding the biology of a rare and particularly devastating childhood brain cancer, but also for understanding how it might be effectively treated,” said co-author Richard K. Wilson, Ph.D., director of The Genome Institute at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis.
St. Jude is now leading an international study to determine if the C11orf95-RELA translocation might help predict the outcome for ependymoma patients. St. Jude has also developed a test to identify tumors that carry the translocation. Co-corresponding author David Ellison, M.D., Ph.D., St. Jude Department of Pathology chair, led that effort.
An analytic tool called CICERO developed by St. Jude researchers played a key role in identifying the translocation. Co-corresponding author Jinghui Zhang, Ph.D., an associate member of the St. Jude Department of Computational Biology, led the team that developed CICERO.
Finding the translocation required sifting through 246 billion pieces of genetic information that contain the complete genetic code of the tumor as well as the normal DNA from 41 young patients with ependymoma. The researchers also studied the RNA in 77 ependymomas. The DNA in cells contains the code for each gene, while RNA transmits this information to the part of the cell that makes proteins. By sequencing both the DNA and RNA, scientists can see which genes are turned on and are making abnormal products such as the RELA translocation.
Using CICERO, researchers found abnormalities in RNA that led them to the C11orf95-RELA translocation. The fusion gene was created when a piece of chromosome 11 that houses both the C11orf95 and RELA genes was shattered and incorrectly reassembled.
The result is one of the most commonly occurring translocations ever reported in brain tumors. Of the 41 ependymomas in this study that began in the front part of the brain, 29 tumors had the translocation and made RELA fusion proteins. “The fact the alteration results in abnormal proteins offers a potential new therapeutic target, which is significant for ependymoma,” Gilbertson said.
Researchers are working to understand how the fusion proteins cause cancer. Evidence suggests that C11orf95 plays a key role by altering the way that RELA moves through the cell and performs its normal functions. Investigators also discovered translocations involving other genes that appear to drive ependymoma.
The study was part of the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, which has sequenced the complete normal and tumor genomes of 700 young cancer patients. The project was launched in 2010 to harness advances in genome sequencing technology to improve understanding and treatment of some of the most aggressive and least understood childhood cancers.
The study’s first authors are Matthew Parker, Kumarasamypet Mohankumar, Chandanamali Punchihewa and Ricardo Weinlich, all of St. Jude. The other authors are James Dalton, Yongjin Li, Ruth Tatevossian, Timothy Phoenix, Radhika Thiruvenkatam, Elsie White, Bo Tang, Wilda Orisme, Michael Rusch, Xiang Chen, Yuxin Li, Panduka Nagahawhatte, Erin Hedlund, David Finkelstein, Gang Wu, Shelia Shurtleff, John Easton, Kristy Boggs, Donald Yergeau, Bhavin Vadodaria, Heather Mulder, Jared Becksfort, Pankaj Gupta, Robert Huether, Jing Ma, Guangchun Song, Amar Gajjar, Thomas Merchant, Frederick Boop, James Downing and Douglas Green, all of St. Jude; Ryan Lee and Kirti Gupta, both formerly of St. Jude; Amy Smith, MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Orlando, Fla.; and Li Ding, Charles Lu, Kerri Ochoa, David Zhao, Robert Fulton, Lucinda Fulton and Elaine Mardis, all of Washington University.
The study was funded in part by the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, including Kay Jewelers, a lead sponsor; grants (CA129541, CA96832, CA021765) from the National Institutes of Health; the Collaborative Ependymoma Research Network and ALSAC.
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital is leading the way the world understands, treats and cures childhood cancer and other life-threatening diseases. It is the only National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center devoted solely to children. Treatments developed at St. Jude have helped push the overall childhood cancer survival rate from 20% to 80% since the hospital opened more than 50 years ago. St. Jude shares the discoveries it makes, and every child saved at St. Jude means doctors and scientists worldwide can use that knowledge to save thousands more children. To learn more, visit stjude.org or follow St. Jude on social media at @stjuderesearch.
Washington University
Washington University School of Medicine’s 2,100 employed and volunteer faculty physicians also are the medical staff of Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Children’s hospitals. The School of Medicine is one of the leading medical research, teaching and patient-care institutions in the nation, currently ranked sixth in the nation by U.S. News & World Report. Through its affiliations with Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Children’s hospitals, the School of Medicine is linked to BJC HealthCare.