St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project discovers genetic connection linking two cancers that is likely to expand treatments for patients who currently have poor prognoses.
Researchers have discovered that a subtype of leukemia characterized by a poor prognosis is fueled by mutations in pathways distinctly different from a seemingly similar leukemia associated with a much better outcome. The findings from the St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital – Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (PCGP) highlight a possible new strategy for treating patients with this more aggressive cancer.
The work provides the first details of the genetic alterations fueling a subtype of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) known as early T-cell precursor ALL (ETP-ALL). The results suggest ETP-ALL has more in common with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) than with other subtypes of ALL. The study appears in the January 12 edition of the journal Nature.
ALL is the most common childhood cancer and about 12 percent of patients have T-ALL. T-ALL arises from T-lineage white blood cells that make up one branch of the immune system. ETP-ALL was discovered by St. Jude researchers and accounts for about 12 percent of T-cell ALL. Many ETP-ALL patients fail to respond to current therapy and never enter remission. Only 30 to 40 percent of these patients become long-term survivors, compared to about 80 percent of children battling other T-ALL subtypes.
“The mutations and gene expression profile we identified in this study suggest that patients with ETP-ALL might benefit from treatment that includes drugs developed for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia,” said Charles Mullighan, M.D., Ph.D., an associate member of the St. Jude Department of Pathology and one of the study’s corresponding authors.
Mullighan said ETP-ALL was selected for inclusion in the pediatric cancer genome project due to the poor outcome and the lack of information on the genetic lesions that underlie this aggressive subtype of leukemia. “St. Jude is a pioneer in increasing overall ALL survival rates, which today exceed 90 percent for St. Jude patients. Now we are working toward similar progress against this rare form of the disease,” he said.
The human genome is the complete set of instructions needed to assemble and sustain human life. Leukemia and other cancers develop when normal cells accumulate mutations in the genome that cause the unchecked cell growth that is a hallmark of cancer. The three-year Pediatric Cancer Genome Project is sequencing the genomes of tumor cells and matched normal DNA samples of 600 children with some of the most poorly understood and aggressive cancers. Investigators believe the findings will be the foundation for the next generation of clinical tools.
For this study, researchers sequenced and analyzed the normal and cancer genomes of 12 St. Jude patients with ETP-ALL. Investigators then checked for some of the same mutations in an additional 94 young leukemia patients with either ETP-ALL or other types of T-cell ALL.
“We found mutations unique to ETP-ALL that are not seen in other forms of ALL,” said co-author Richard Wilson, Ph.D., director of The Genome Institute at Washington University. “The results provide new targets for therapy and a way to use genetic tests to identify ETP-ALL patients early and earmark them for more aggressive therapy.”
The pattern of mutations identified in ETP-ALL was reminiscent of changes associated with AML, Mullighan said. The alterations were concentrated in genes in the cytokine receptor and RAS signaling pathways that are involved in the type of cell regulation disrupted in cancer. The mutations, which included NRAS, FLT3, JAK3, IL7R and other genes, were found in about 67 percent of patients with ETP-ALL, but in only 19 percent of other T-ALL patients.
In addition, mutations in genes known or predicted to disrupt normal development of blood stem cells or lymphocytes were identified in 58 percent of ETP-ALL patients, but in just 17 percent of other T-ALL patients. The affected genes included ETV6, RUNX1, IKZF1 and GATA3. GATA3 helps regulate the early stages of T cell development, and mutations in the gene were found exclusively in ETP-ALL patients.
Epigenetic mutations, which are alterations affecting genes that indirectly influence the activity of other genes, were also more common in ETP-ALL patients. These genes, including EZH2 and SUZ12, were mutated or deleted in 45 percent of ETP-ALL patients, but in just 11 percent of the comparison group. The targeted genes modify proteins known as histones, which control gene activity through DNA binding.
Researchers also showed that ETP-ALL includes recurring mutations in about a half-dozen genes not previously linked to blood cancers. The list includes the genes RELN and DNM2. “The pattern of mutations we found in those genes suggests they function as tumor suppressors and their loss contributes to the malignant transformation of developing blood cells,” Mullighan said.
Mullighan said work is underway to develop laboratory models of human ETP-ALL and to use these models to identify AML drugs that are most likely to benefit ETP-ALL patients. The list of possible drugs includes high-dose cytarabine and targeted chemotherapy agents that inhibit activity in the cytokine receptor and JAK signaling pathways found in this study to be disrupted in ETP-ALL patients, researchers said. Those pathways help regulate cell division and normal development of the blood system.
“This is the first of a series of important discoveries on the genomic basis of childhood cancers that are emerging from the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, which is on schedule to fully sequence 600 pediatric cancer genomes by 2013,” said Dr. William E. Evans, St. Jude director and CEO. James Downing, M.D., St. Jude scientific director, St. Jude PCGP site leader and a corresponding author of the study, added: “This study highlights how the genome project is generating new insights into the genetic alterations that underlie some of the most aggressive childhood cancers and in turn is pointing us toward new therapeutic options that may increase the survival rates for children with these cancers.”
Another PCGP study that advances understanding of the genetic underpinnings of the malignant childhood eye tumor retinoblastoma is scheduled to appear in the January 11 online edition of Nature. Data from both studies are available at no cost to investigators on the PCGP Explore website.
The study’s first authors are Jinghui Zhang and Linda Holmfeldt of St. Jude and Li Ding of Washington University. The other study authors are Gang Wu, Debbie Payne-Turner, John Easton, Xiang Chen, Jianmin Wang, Michael Rusch, Shann-Ching Chen, Lei Wei, J. Racquel Collins-Underwood, Jing Ma, Kathryn Roberts, Stanley Pounds, Jared Becksfort, Pankaj Gupta, Robert Huether, Richard Kriwacki, Matthew Parker, Daniel McGoldrick, David Zhao, Daniel Alford, Stephen Espy, Kiran Chand Bobba, Guangchun Song, Deqing Pei, Cheng Cheng, Sheila Shurtleff, Susana Raimondi, John Obenauer, William Evans, Ching-Hon Pui and Clayton Naeve, all of St. Jude; Sue Heatley, Anatoly Ulyanov, Stefan Roberts, Michael Barbato, Dario Campana and Elaine Coustan-Smith, all formerly of St. Jude; Maria Kleppe and Jan Cools, both of VIB, K.U. Leuven, Belgium; Kristin Shimano, Michelle Hermiston and Mignon Loh, all of University of California, San Francisco; Sergei Doulatov, Kolja Eppert, Elisa Laurenti, Faiyaz Notta and John Dick, all of the Ontario Cancer Institute; Giuseppe Basso, University of Padua, Italy; Stephen Hunger, University of Colorado; Meenakshi Devidas, University of Florida; Brent Wood, Seattle Children’s Hospital; Stuart Winter, University of New Mexico; Kimberley Dunsmore, University of Virginia; Robert Fulton, Lucinda Fulton, Xin Hong, Christopher Harris, David Dooling, Kerri Ochoa and Kimberly Johnson, Timothy Ley and Elaine Mardis, all of Washington University, St. Louis.
The research was funded in part by the PCGP; the National Institutes of Health; Washington University, St. Louis; the National Human Genome Research Institute; the National Cancer Institute; Alex’s Lemonade Stand; St. Baldrick’s Foundation and ALSAC. Heatley was supported by the Haematology Society of Australasia and the New Zealand New Investigator Scholarship.
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital is leading the way the world understands, treats and cures childhood cancer and other life-threatening diseases. It is the only National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center devoted solely to children. Treatments developed at St. Jude have helped push the overall childhood cancer survival rate from 20% to 80% since the hospital opened more than 50 years ago. St. Jude shares the discoveries it makes, and every child saved at St. Jude means doctors and scientists worldwide can use that knowledge to save thousands more children. To learn more, visit stjude.org or follow St. Jude on social media at @stjuderesearch.
Washington University School of Medicine
Washington University School of Medicine’s 2,100 employed and volunteer faculty physicians also are the medical staff of Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Children’s hospitals. The School of Medicine is one of the leading medical research, teaching and patient care institutions in the nation, currently ranked fourth in the nation by U.S. News & World Report. Through its affiliations with Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Children’s hospitals, the School of Medicine is linked to BJC HealthCare.